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From the World Factbook | | Indonesia Indonesia | |
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Background: | The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and home to the world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing financial sector reforms, stemming corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, and controlling avian influenza. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face a low intensity separatist guerilla movement in Papua. |
Location: | Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean | Geographic coordinates: | 5 00 S, 120 00 E | Map references: | Southeast Asia | Area: | total: 1,919,440 sq km
land: 1,826,440 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km | Area - comparative: | slightly less than three times the size of Texas | Land boundaries: | total: 2,830 km
border countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km | Coastline: | 54,716 km | Maritime claims: | measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm | Climate: | tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands | Terrain: | mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains | Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m | Natural resources: | petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver | Land use: | arable land: 11.03%
permanent crops: 7.04%
other: 81.93% (2005) | Irrigated land: | 45,000 sq km (2003) | Natural hazards: | occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires | Environment - current issues: | deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires | Environment - international agreements: | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | Geography - note: | archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean |
Population: | 245,452,739 (July 2006 est.) | Age structure: | 0-14 years: 28.8% (male 35,995,919/female 34,749,582)
15-64 years: 65.8% (male 80,796,794/female 80,754,238)
65 years and over: 5.4% (male 5,737,473/female 7,418,733) (2006 est.) | Median age: | total: 26.8 years
male: 26.4 years
female: 27.3 years (2006 est.) | Population growth rate: | 1.41% (2006 est.) | Birth rate: | 20.34 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) | Death rate: | 6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) | Net migration rate: | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.) | Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2006 est.) | Infant mortality rate: | total: 34.39 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 39.36 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 29.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) | Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 69.87 years
male: 67.42 years
female: 72.45 years (2006 est.) | Total fertility rate: | 2.4 children born/woman (2006 est.) | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.1% (2003 est.) | HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 110,000 (2003 est.) | HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 2,400 (2003 est.) | Major infectious diseases: | degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and chikungunya are high risks in some locations
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2007) | Nationality: | noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian | Ethnic groups: | Javanese 45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%, other 26% | Religions: | Muslim 88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998) | Languages: | Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese) | Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.9%
male: 92.5%
female: 83.4% (2002 est.) |
Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies | Government type: | republic | Capital: | name: Jakarta
geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 48 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
note: Indonesia is divided into three time zones | Administrative divisions: | 30 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Irian Jaya Barat, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*
note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, the 440 districts or regencies have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services | Independence: | 17 August 1945 (independence declared); 27 December 1949 (recognized by the Netherlands) | National holiday: | Independence Day, 17 August (1945) | Constitution: | August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amemdments concluded in 2002 | Legal system: | based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction | Suffrage: | 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age | Executive branch: | chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president were elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry; last held 20 September 2004 (next to be held in 2009)
election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president receiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri received 39.4% | Legislative branch: | House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (550 seats; members elected to serve five-year terms); House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions; People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) has role in inaugurating and impeaching president and in amending constitution; consists of popularly-elected members in DPR and DPD; MPR does not formulate national policy
elections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held in 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P 18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others 19.9%; seats by party - Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN 53, PKB 52, PKS 45, others 50
note: because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties | Judicial branch: | Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a list of candidates approved by the legislature); a separate Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi was invested by the president on 16 August 2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January 2006 | Political parties and leaders: | Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [MS KABAN]; Democratic Party or PD [Hadi UTOMO]; Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf KALLA]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB [MUHAIMIN Iskander]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Sutrisno BACHIR]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Tifatul SEMBIRING]; United Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma ALI] | Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA | International organization participation: | APEC, APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PIF (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO | Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador SUDJADNAN Parnohadiningrat
chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco | Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador B. Lynn PASCOE
embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520
telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000
FAX: [62] (21) 3435-9922
consulate(s) general: Surabaya
consulate(s): Medan; Denpasar (consular agency) | Flag description: | two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red |
Economy - overview: | Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has struggled to overcome the Asian financial crisis, and still grapples with persistent poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, endemic corruption, a fragile banking sector, a poor investment climate, and unequal resource distribution among regions. The country continues the slow work of rebuilding from the devastating December 2004 tsunami and from an earthquake in central Java in May 2006 that caused over $3 billion in damage and losses. Declining oil production and lack of new exploration investment turned Indonesia into a net oil importer in 2004. The cost of subsidizing domestic fuel placed increasing strain on the budget in 2005, and combined with indecisive monetary policy, contributed to a run on the currency in August, prompting the government to enact a 126% average fuel price hike in October. The resulting inflation and interest rate hikes dampened growth through mid-2006, while large increases in rice prices pushed millions more people under the national poverty line. Economic reformers introduced three policy packages in 2006 to improve the investment climate, infrastructure, and the financial sector, but translating them into reality has not been easy. Keys to future growth remain internal reform, building up the confidence of international and domestic investors, and strong global economic growth. Significant progress has been made in rebuilding Aceh after the devastating December 2004 tsunami, and the province now shows more economic activity than before the disaster. Unfortunately, Indonesia suffered new disasters in 2006 and early 2007 including: a major earthquake near Yogyakarta, an industrial accident in Sidoarjo, East Java that created a "mud volcano," a tsunami in South Java, and major flooding in Jakarta, all of which caused additional damages in the billions of dollars. Donors are assisting Indonesia with its disaster mitigation and early warning efforts. | GDP (purchasing power parity): | $935 billion (2006 est.) | GDP (official exchange rate): | $264.4 billion (2006 est.) | GDP - real growth rate: | 5.4% (2006 est.) | GDP - per capita (PPP): | $3,800 (2006 est.) | GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 13.1%
industry: 46%
services: 41% (2006 est.) | Labor force: | 108.2 million (2006 est.) | Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: 43.3%
industry: 18%
services: 38.7% (2004 est.) | Unemployment rate: | 12.5% (2006 est.) | Population below poverty line: | 17.8% (2006) | Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 28.5% (2002) | Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 34.8 (2004) | Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 13.2% (2006 est.) | Investment (gross fixed): | 20.3% of GDP (2006 est.) | Budget: | revenues: $75.58 billion
expenditures: $79.45 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.) | Public debt: | 43.8% of GDP (2006 est.) | Agriculture - products: | rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs | Industries: | petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism | Industrial production growth rate: | 2.6% (2006 est.) | Electricity - production: | 123.4 billion kWh (2005 est.) | Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 86.9%
hydro: 10.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 2.6% (2001) | Electricity - consumption: | 107.7 billion kWh (2005 est.) | Electricity - exports: | 0 kWh (2005 est.) | Electricity - imports: | 0 kWh (2005 est.) | Oil - production: | 1.136 million bbl/day (2005 est.) | Oil - consumption: | 1.168 million bbl/day (2005 est.) | Oil - exports: | 474,000 bbl/day (2005 est.) | Oil - imports: | 424,000 bbl/day (2005 est.) | Oil - proved reserves: | 4.85 billion bbl (2006 est.) | Natural gas - production: | 76 billion cu m (2005 est.) | Natural gas - consumption: | 39.4 billion cu m (2005 est.) | Natural gas - exports: | 36.29 billion cu m (2005 est.) | Natural gas - imports: | 0 cu m (2005 est.) | Natural gas - proved reserves: | 2.76 trillion cu m (31 December 2005 est.) | Current account balance: | $1.636 billion (2006 est.) | Exports: | $102.3 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) | Exports - commodities: | oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber | Exports - partners: | Japan 21.1%, US 11.5%, Singapore 9.2%, South Korea 8.3%, China 7.8%, Malaysia 4% (2005) | Imports: | $77.73 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) | Imports - commodities: | machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs | Imports - partners: | Singapore 16.4%, Japan 12%, China 10.1%, US 6.7%, Thailand 6%, South Korea 5%, Saudi Arabia 4.7%, Australia 4.4% (2005) | Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $43.04 billion (2006 est.) | Debt - external: | $130.4 billion (2006 est.) | Economic aid - recipient: | ODA $67 billion (2006 est.)
note: Indonesia ended 2006 with $67 billion in official foreign debt (about 22% of GDP), with Japan ($25 billion), the World Bank ($8.5 billion) and the Asian Development Bank ($8.4 billion) as the largest creditors; about $6 billion in grant assistance was pledged to rebuild Aceh after the December 2004 tsunami; President YUDHYONO ended the Consultative Group on Indonesia forum in January 2007 (2006) | Currency (code): | Indonesian rupiah (IDR) | Currency code: | IDR | Exchange rates: | Indonesian rupiah per US dollar - 9,159.3 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003), 9,311.2 (2002) | Fiscal year: | calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year |
Telephones - main lines in use: | 12.772 million (2005) | Telephones - mobile cellular: | 46.91 million (2005) | Telephone system: | general assessment: domestic service fair, international service good
domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system
international: country code - 62; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) | Radio broadcast stations: | AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998) | Radios: | 31.5 million (1997) | Television broadcast stations: | 54 local TV stations (11 national TV networks; each with their own group of local transmitters) (2006) | Televisions: | 13.75 million (1997) | Internet country code: | .id | Internet hosts: | 170,834 (2006) | Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 24 (2000) | Internet users: | 16 million (2005) |
Airports: | 662 (2006) | Airports - with paved runways: | total: 159
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 15
1,524 to 2,437 m: 49
914 to 1,523 m: 49
under 914 m: 42 (2006) | Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 503
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 26
under 914 m: 471 (2006) | Heliports: | 23 (2006) | Pipelines: | condensate 944 km; condensate/gas 135 km; gas 9,175 km; oil 7,684 km; oil/gas/water 89 km; refined products 1,367 km (2006) | Railways: | total: 6,458 km
narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2005) | Roadways: | total: 368,360 km
paved: 213,649 km
unpaved: 154,711 km (2002) | Waterways: | 21,579 km (2005) | Merchant marine: | total: 824 ships (1000 GRT or over) 3,773,771 GRT/4,887,614 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 43, cargo 451, chemical tanker 21, container 50, liquefied gas 7, livestock carrier 1, passenger 41, passenger/cargo 58, petroleum tanker 132, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 12, specialized tanker 4, vehicle carrier 2
foreign-owned: 30 (France 1, Germany 1, Japan 3, South Korea 1, Norway 1, Philippines 1, Singapore 17, Switzerland 3, UK 2)
registered in other countries: 122 (Bahamas 4, Belize 2, Bermuda 1, Cambodia 1, Georgia 1, Hong Kong 4, Liberia 1, Panama 50, Singapore 56, Thailand 1, unknown 1) (2006) | Ports and terminals: | Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok |
Military branches: | Indonesia Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL, includes marines, naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-AU)
note: the TNI is directly subordinate to the president but the government is making efforts to incorporate it into the Department of Defense | Military service age and obligation: | 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - two years (2002) | Manpower available for military service: | males age 18-49: 60,543,028
females age 18-49: 59,981,730 (2005 est.) | Manpower fit for military service: | males age 18-49: 48,687,234
females age 18-49: 50,252,911 (2005 est.) | Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males age 18-49: 2,201,047
females age 18-49: 2,139,573 (2005 est.) | Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $1.3 billion (2004) | Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 3% (2005 est.) |
| Transnational Issues | Indonesia |
Disputes - international: | Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee has resolved all but a small portion of the land boundary, but discussions on maritime boundaries are stalemated over sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai in the north and alignment with Australian claims in the south; many East Timorese refugees who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea in dispute; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches |
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Refugees and internally displaced persons: | IDPs: 200,000-350,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku), 300,000 (December 2006 floods in Aceh regions) (2006) | Trafficking in persons: | current situation: Indonesia is a source, transit, and destination country for women, children and men trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor; Indonesian victims are trafficked to Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore; a significant number of Indonesian women who go overseas each year to work as domestic servants or "cultural performers" are subjected to conditions of involuntary servitude and commercial sexual exploitation; to a minimal extent, Indonesia is a destination for women from East Asia, Europe, and South America who are trafficked for sexual exploitation; there is extensive trafficking within Indonesia from rural to urban metropolitan areas particularly for sexual exploitation and involuntary domestic servitude
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Indonesia is placed on the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat trafficking | Illicit drugs: | illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy |
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