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From the World Factbook | | Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Introduction | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Background: | Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of sovereignty in October 1991 was followed by a declaration of independence from the former Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 after a referendum boycotted by ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia and Montenegro - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to form a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two by signing an agreement creating a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties initialed a peace agreement that brought to a halt three years of interethnic civil strife (the final agreement was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia and Herzegovina's international boundaries and created a joint multi-ethnic and democratic government charged with conducting foreign, diplomatic, and fiscal policy. Also recognized was a second tier of government comprised of two entities roughly equal in size: the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation and RS governments were charged with overseeing most government functions. The Office of the High Representative (OHR) was established to oversee the implementation of the civilian aspects of the agreement. In 1995-96, a NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops served in Bosnia to implement and monitor the military aspects of the agreement. IFOR was succeeded by a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose mission was to deter renewed hostilities. European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR in December 2004; their mission is to maintain peace and stability throughout the country. EUFOR plans to phase out its mission beginning in 2007. |
| Geography | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Location: | Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia | Geographic coordinates: | 44 00 N, 18 00 E | Map references: | Europe | Area: | total: 51,129 sq km
land: 51,129 sq km
water: 0 sq km | Area - comparative: | slightly smaller than West Virginia | Land boundaries: | total: 1,459 km
border countries: Croatia 932 km, Montenegro 225 km, Serbia 302 km | Coastline: | 20 km | Maritime claims: | no data available | Climate: | hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast | Terrain: | mountains and valleys | Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Maglic 2,386 m | Natural resources: | coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, forests, hydropower | Land use: | arable land: 19.61%
permanent crops: 1.89%
other: 78.5% (2005) | Irrigated land: | 30 sq km (2003) | Natural hazards: | destructive earthquakes | Environment - current issues: | air pollution from metallurgical plants; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; water shortages and destruction of infrastructure because of the 1992-95 civil strife; deforestation | Environment - international agreements: | party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | Geography - note: | within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized borders, the country is divided into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region called Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro (Montenegro), and traditionally has been settled by an ethnic Croat majority in the west and an ethnic Serb majority in the east |
| People | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Population: | 4,498,976 (July 2006 est.) | Age structure: | 0-14 years: 15.5% (male 359,739/female 336,978)
15-64 years: 70.1% (male 1,590,923/female 1,564,665)
65 years and over: 14.4% (male 265,637/female 381,034) (2006 est.) | Median age: | total: 38.4 years
male: 37.2 years
female: 39.5 years (2006 est.) | Population growth rate: | 1.35% (2006 est.) | Birth rate: | 8.77 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) | Death rate: | 8.27 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) | Net migration rate: | 13.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.) | Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2006 est.) | Infant mortality rate: | total: 9.82 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 11.26 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) | Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 78 years
male: 74.39 years
female: 81.88 years (2006 est.) | Total fertility rate: | 1.22 children born/woman (2006 est.) | HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | less than 0.1% (2001 est.) | HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 900 (2003 est.) | HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 100 (2001 est.) | Nationality: | noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian | Ethnic groups: | Bosniak 48%, Serb 37.1%, Croat 14.3%, other 0.6% (2000)
note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam | Religions: | Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic 15%, other 14% | Languages: | Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian | Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94.6%
male: 98.4%
female: 91.1% (2000 est.) |
| Government | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Country name: | conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina
local long form: none
local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina
former: People's Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina | Government type: | emerging federal democratic republic | Capital: | name: Sarajevo
geographic coordinates: 43 52 N, 18 25 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October | Administrative divisions: | 2 first-order administrative divisions and 1 internationally supervised district* - Brcko district (Brcko Distrikt)*, the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federacija Bosna i Hercegovina) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska; note - Brcko district is in northeastern Bosnia and is an administrative unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina; the district remains under international supervision | Independence: | 1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia; referendum for independence completed 1 March 1992; independence declared 3 March 1992) | National holiday: | National Day, 25 November (1943) | Constitution: | the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December 1995, included a new constitution now in force; note - each of the entities also has its own constitution | Legal system: | based on civil law system | Suffrage: | 18 years of age, universal | Executive branch: | chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency Nebojsa RADMANOVIC (chairman since 6 November 2006; presidency member since 1 October 2006 - Serb); other members of the three-member presidency rotating (every eight months): Zeljko KOMSIC (since 1 October 2006 - Croat) and Haris SILAJDZIC (since 1 October 2006 - Bosniak)
head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikola SPIRIC (since 11 January 2007)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman; approved by the National House of Representatives
elections: the three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one Croat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term, but then ineligible for four years); the chairmanship rotates every eight months and resumes where it left off following each national election; election last held 1 October 2006 (next to be held in 2010); the chairman of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the National House of Representatives
election results: percent of vote - Nebojsa RADMANOVIC with 53.3% of the votes for the Serb seat; Zeljko KOMSIC received 39.6% of the votes for the Croat seat; Haris SILAJDZIC received 62.8% of the votes for the Bosniak seat
note: current government is caretaker in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina; President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Borjana KRISTO (since 21 February 2007); Vice Presidents Spomenka MICIC (since in 2007) and Mirsad KEBO (since in 2007); President of the Republika Srpska: Milan JELIC (since 9 November 2006) | Legislative branch: | bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of the national House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats - elected by proportional representation, 28 seats allocated from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 seats from the Republika Srpska; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); and the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members elected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve four-year terms); note - Bosnia's election law specifies four-year terms for the state and first-order administrative division entity legislatures
elections: national House of Representatives - elections last held 1 October 2006 (next to be held in 2010); House of Peoples - last constituted in January 2003 (next to be constituted in 2007)
election results: national House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 9, SBiH 8, SNSD 7, SDP 5, SDS 3, HDZ-BH 3, HDZ 1990 2, other 5; House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - NA
note: the Bosniak/Croat Federation has a bicameral legislature that consists of a House of Representatives (98 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); elections last held 1 October 2006 (next to be held in October 2010); percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party/coalition - SDA 28, SBiH 24, SDP 17, HDZ-BH 8, HDZ100 7, other 14; and a House of Peoples (58 seats - 17 Bosniak, 17 Croat, 1i7 Serb, 7 other); last constituted December 2002; the Republika Srpska has a National Assembly (83 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); elections last held 1 October 2006 (next to be held in the fall of 2010); percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party/coalition - SNSD 41, SDS 17, PDP 8, DNS 4, SBH 4, SPRS 3, SDA 3, other 3; as a result of the 2002 constitutional reform process, a 28-member Republika Srpska Council of Peoples (COP) was established in the Republika Srpska National Assembly including eight Croats, eight Bosniaks, eight Serbs, and four members of the smaller communities | Judicial branch: | BH Constitutional Court (consists of nine members: four members are selected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives, two members by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and three non-Bosnian members by the president of the European Court of Human Rights); BH State Court (consists of nine judges and three divisions - Administrative, Appellate and Criminal - having jurisdiction over cases related to state-level law and appellate jurisdiction over cases initiated in the entities); note - a War Crimes Chamber opened in March 2005
note: the entities each have a Supreme Court; each entity also has a number of lower courts; there are 10 cantonal courts in the Federation, plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has five municipal courts | Political parties and leaders: | Alliance of Independent Social Democrats or SNSD [Milorad DODIK]; Bosnian Party or BOSS [Mirnes AJANOVIC]; Civic Democratic Party or GDS [Ibrahim SPAHIC]; Croat Christian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HKDU [Marin TOPIC]; Croat Party of Rights or HSP [Zvonko JURISIC]; Croat Peasants Party or HSS [Marko TADIC]; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina or HDZ-BH [Dragan COVIC]; Croatian Democratic Union 1990 or HDZ1990 [Bozo LJUBIC]; Croatian Peoples Union [Milenko BRKIC]; Democratic National Union or DNZ [Rifet DOLIC]; Democratic Peoples Alliance or DNS [Marko PAVIC]; Liberal Democratic Party or LDS [Rasim KADIC]; New Croat Initiative or NHI [Kresimir ZUBAK]; Party for Bosnia and Herzegovina or SBiH [Haris SILAJDZIC]; Party for Democratic Action or SDA [Sulejman TIHIC]; Party of Democratic Progress or PDP [Mladen IVANIC]; Serb Democratic Party or SDS [Mladen BOSIC]; Serb Radical Party of the Republika Srpska or SRS-RS [Milanko MIHAJLICA]; Serb Radical Party-Dr. Vojislav Seselj or SRS-VS [Radislav KANJERIC]; Social Democratic Party of BIH or SDP [Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA]; Social Democratic Union or SDU [Sejfudin TOKIC]; Socialist Party of Republika Srpska or SPRS [Petar DJOKIC] | Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA | International organization participation: | BIS, CE, CEI, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) | Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Bisera TURKOVIC
chancery: 2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
telephone: [1] (202) 337-1500
FAX: [1] (202) 337-1502
consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York | Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Douglas L. McELHANEY
embassy: Alipasina 43, 71000 Sarajevo
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [387] (33) 445-700
FAX: [387] (33) 659-722
branch office(s): Banja Luka, Mostar | Flag description: | a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom along the hypotenuse of the triangle |
| Economy | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Economy - overview: | Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture is almost all in private hands, farms are small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally is a net importer of food. The private sector is growing and foreign investment is slowly increasing, but government spending, at nearly 40% of adjusted GDP, remains unreasonably high. The interethnic warfare in Bosnia caused production to plummet by 80% from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996-99 at high percentage rates from a low base; but output growth slowed in 2000-02. Part of the lag in output was made up in 2003-06 when GDP growth exceeded 5% per year. National-level statistics are limited and do not capture the large share of black market activity. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM)- the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has increased. Implementing privatization, however, has been slow, particularly in the Federation, although it is increasing in the Republika Srpska. Banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all the Communist-era payments bureaus were shut down; foreign banks, primarily from Western Europe, now control most of the banking sector. A sizeable current account deficit and high unemployment rate remain the two most serious economic problems. On 1 January 2006 a new value-added tax (VAT) went into effect. The VAT has been successful in capturing much of the gray market economy and has developed into a significant and predictable source of revenues for all layers of government. The question of how to allocate revenue from VAT receipts is not completely resolved. Bosnia and Herzegovina became a member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in December 2006. The country receives substantial reconstruction assistance and humanitarian aid from the international community but will have to prepare for an era of declining assistance. | GDP (purchasing power parity): | $24.8 billion
note: Bosnia has a large informal sector that could also be as much as 50% of official GDP (2006 est.) | GDP (official exchange rate): | $9.158 billion (2006 est.) | GDP - real growth rate: | 5.3% (2006 est.) | GDP - per capita (PPP): | $5,500 (2006 est.) | GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 14.2%
industry: 30.8%
services: 55% (2002) | Labor force: | 1.026 million (2001) | Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA% | Unemployment rate: | 45.5% official rate; grey economy may reduce actual unemployment to 25-30% (31 December 2004 est.) | Population below poverty line: | 25% (2004 est.) | Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% | Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 26.2 (2001) | Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 8.2% (2006 est.) | Budget: | revenues: $5.643 billion
expenditures: $5.677 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2006 est.) | Public debt: | 24.5% of GDP (2006 est.) | Agriculture - products: | wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock | Industries: | steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil refining | Industrial production growth rate: | 5.5% (2003 est.) | Electricity - production: | 12.98 billion kWh (2004) | Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: 53.5%
hydro: 46.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001) | Electricity - consumption: | 11.03 billion kWh (2004) | Electricity - exports: | 3.05 billion kWh (2004) | Electricity - imports: | 2 billion kWh (2004) | Oil - production: | 0 bbl/day (2004) | Oil - consumption: | 23,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) | Oil - exports: | NA bbl/day | Oil - imports: | NA bbl/day | Natural gas - production: | 0 cu m (2004 est.) | Natural gas - consumption: | 300 million cu m (2004 est.) | Natural gas - exports: | 0 cu m (2004 est.) | Natural gas - imports: | 300 million cu m (2004 est.) | Current account balance: | $-1.73 billion (2006 est.) | Exports: | $3.5 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) | Exports - commodities: | metals, clothing, wood products | Exports - partners: | Croatia 18.4%, Italy 17.1%, Slovenia 14.7%, Germany 12.8%, Austria 6.5%, Hungary 5.2%, China 4.2% (2005) | Imports: | $8.25 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) | Imports - commodities: | machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs | Imports - partners: | Croatia 24.7%, Germany 13.6%, Slovenia 13%, Italy 11%, Austria 6.9%, Hungary 5.5% (2005) | Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $2.7 billion (2006 est.) | Debt - external: | $3.927 billion (2006 est.) | Economic aid - recipient: | $650 million (2001 est.) | Currency (code): | convertible mark (BAM) | Currency code: | BAM | Exchange rates: | convertible marka per US dollar - 1.5576 (2006), 1.5727 (2005), 1.5752 (2004), 1.7329 (2003), 2.0782 (2002)
note: the convertible mark is pegged to the euro | Fiscal year: | calendar year |
| Communications | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Telephones - main lines in use: | 968,900 (2005) | Telephones - mobile cellular: | 1.594 million (2005) | Telephone system: | general assessment: telephone and telegraph network needs modernization and expansion; many urban areas are below average as contrasted with services in other former Yugoslav republics
domestic: NA
international: country code - 387; no satellite earth stations | Radio broadcast stations: | AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998) | Radios: | 940,000 (1997) | Television broadcast stations: | 33 (plus 277 repeaters) (September 1995) | Televisions: | NA | Internet country code: | .ba | Internet hosts: | 31,490 (2006) | Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 3 (2000) | Internet users: | 806,400 (2005) |
| Transportation | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Airports: | 28 (2006) | Airports - with paved runways: | total: 8
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 3 (2006) | Airports - with unpaved runways: | total: 20
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 12 (2006) | Heliports: | 5 (2006) | Railways: | total: 608 km (777 km electrified)
standard gauge: 608 km 1.435-m gauge (2005) | Roadways: | total: 21,846 km
paved: 11,425 km (4,686 km of interurban roads)
unpaved: 10,421 km (2005) | Waterways: | Sava River (northern border) open to shipping but use limited (2006) | Ports and terminals: | Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Samac, and Brcko (all inland waterway ports on the Sava), Orasje |
| Military | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Military branches: | VF Army (the air and air defense forces are subordinate commands within the Army), VRS Army (the air and air defense forces are subordinate commands within the Army) | Military service age and obligation: | 18 years of age for compulsory military service in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina; 16 years of age in times of war; 18 years of age for Republika Srpska; 17 years of age for voluntary military service in the Federation and in the Republika Srpska; by law, military obligations cover all healthy men between the ages of 18 and 60, and all women between the ages of 18 and 55; service obligation is four months (July 2004) | Manpower available for military service: | males age 18-49: 1,119,508
females age 18-49: 1,079,435 (2005 est.) | Manpower fit for military service: | males age 18-49: 910,539
females age 18-49: 881,446 (2005 est.) | Manpower reaching military service age annually: | males age 18-49: 32,942
females age 18-49: 31,466 (2005 est.) | Military expenditures - dollar figure: | $234.3 million (FY02) | Military expenditures - percent of GDP: | 4.5% (2005 est.) |
| Transnational Issues | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Disputes - international: | Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia have delimited most of their boundary, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute; discussions continue with Croatia on several small disputed sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinder final ratification of the 1999 border agreement | Refugees and internally displaced persons: | refugees (country of origin): 7,458 (Croatia)
IDPs: 180,251 (Bosnian Croats, Serbs, and Muslims displaced in 1992-95 war) (2006) | Illicit drugs: | increasingly a transit point for heroin being trafficked to Western Europe; minor transit point for marijuana; remains highly vulnerable to money-laundering activity given a primarily cash-based and unregulated economy, weak law enforcement, and instances of corruption |
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